Intravenous (or infusion) therapy is considered to be one of the most effective ways to administer fluids to a patient, whether blood, water, or medication. Installing an infusion is a skill that must be mastered by every medical personnel.
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Part 1 of 3: Setting Up Equipment
Step 1. Make sure you have a standard infusion
The infusion standard is a long pole like a coat hanger that serves as a place to hang the IV fluid bag while you are preparing and giving infusion therapy. If in an emergency there is no standard infusion available, you should hang the IV bag higher than the patient's head, so that gravity helps the IV fluid to flow down into the person's vein.
Step 2. Wash your hands
Turn on the faucet and wash your hands with soap and water. Start with your palms up to the backs of your hands. Make sure you also clean the area between your fingers. Next, focus on washing from your fingers to your wrists. Finally, rinse your hands thoroughly and dry your hands.
If water is not available, wipe your hands with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer
Step 3. Double-check the infusion fluid you bring is correct or not
Before starting to give intravenous fluids, it is very important to double check the doctor's instructions. Giving the wrong intravenous fluids to a patient can put the person's life at risk.
- You should also double-check that the medication to be given to the patient is correct, given at the correct date and time, and the infusion fluid to be given is in the correct amount.
- If you have any questions, ask your doctor before he proceeds, so you can be 100% sure that you understand what needs to be done.
Step 4. Decide what type of infusion set you will use
The infusion set consists of a tube and a tube that regulates the amount of fluid the patient gets. Macrosets (macrosets) are used when you need to give the patient 20 drops per minute, or about 100 ml per hour. Macro sets are usually used for adults.
- A microset is used if you are going to give an IV fluid of 60 drops per minute. Micro sets are usually used for babies, toddlers, and children.
- The size of the tube (and the size of the needle) used will also depend on the purpose of the infusion. If you are in an emergency situation and the patient needs fluids as soon as possible, you will need to choose a larger needle and tube to administer fluids and/or blood and other medicines as soon as possible.
- In less urgent situations, you can opt for a smaller needle and hose.
Step 5. Find the right needle size
The key is that the higher the value/number on the needle, the smaller the needle size. 14 is the largest and is usually used to treat symptoms of shock and trauma. 18-20 is the needle size commonly used for adult patients. 22 is usually used for pediatric patients (such as infants, toddlers, and children).
Step 6. Prepare your equipment
Equipment needed includes a bandage/tourniquet (to help locate the vein to be injected with the infusion needle), medical tape or adhesive (to keep the infusion set in place after the infusion needle is injected), alcohol swab (to sterilize equipment), and labels/ label (to record the time of insertion, the type of intravenous fluid, and the patient being infused).
Step 7. Prepare all the utensils on the tray
When it's time to give intravenous fluids to patients, you must have all the equipment ready. This is done to ensure that the infusion procedure is carried out as quickly and easily as possible.
Part 2 of 3: Preparing the Infusion
Step 1. Prepare the IV fluid bag
Look at the IV fluid pack and look for access points (located at the top and like the bottle cap). This login is also the place to enter macro and micro sets. Use an alcohol swab to sterilize the area and its surroundings.
If you feel confused when installing the infusion bag, follow the instructions on the packaging bag
Step 2. Put the infusion set (macro or micro) into the infusion bag and hang it on the infusion standard
Make sure the drip chamber (the part of the infusion tube that is shaped like a small transparent bottle, where the IV fluid will collect into the patient's vein) is in place. This section also functions to regulate the infusion drip carried out by medical personnel to ensure patients get the right treatment.
Step 3. Remove any air bubbles in the hose
Make sure the drip chamber is half filled. Once the drip chamber is half filled with IV fluid, allow the fluid to drain from the IV bag to fill the tube until it reaches the end (this is done to remove any air bubbles trapped in the tube). Close the tube with clamps when the IV fluid has reached the end of the tube.
Step 4. Make sure the hose doesn't touch the floor because the floor is not sterile and there's a good chance that there will be a lot of bad bacteria
All infusion equipment is sterile (no bad microorganisms). If the tube touches the floor, the IV fluids can become contaminated (which means bad microorganisms can get inside and infect the patient).
If the IV line touches the floor, you must replace it with a new one, as a contaminated tube can harm the patient. Be careful when handling the IV line. Do not let the hose fall to the floor
Part 3 of 3: Giving Infusion Therapy to Patients
Step 1. Approach the patient
Be polite, introduce yourself and let him know that you will be administering the IV therapy to him. It's best if you tell the patient all the facts about the infusion--the needle injected into the patient's skin will hurt. Try to explain this so the patient knows what he or she will be dealing with.
Also, let him know that the entire infusion process will take approximately five minutes
Step 2. Position the patient and put on gloves
Ask the patient to lie down or sit on a bed or chair, whichever they prefer. If you want, you can also wash your hands again before putting on your gloves to make sure your hands are really clean.
Lying down or sitting will make the patient calm and can reduce the pain they will feel. This position will also ensure the patient's position remains stable so that he or she will not faint if he has a psychological fear of needles
Step 3. Find the best location for inserting the cannula
The cannula is shaped like a small tube that will be inserted along with the IV needle, but the cannula will remain in the vein after the needle is pulled out. You should look for the vein in the patient's non-dominant hand (the less frequently used hand). Look for veins that are long, dark in color so you can see them easily when you insert the needle.
- You should look for veins in the area of the crease between the forearm and upper. Infusions are usually easiest to do with a vein in this area.
- In addition to these methods, you can also start by looking for veins in the forearm, or even on the back of the hand. Starting with a vein in the forearm will give you more "chance" if you don't get the IV needle inserted on the first try. If you need to try a second time, you just need to move to the veins above. That's why you'll benefit from doing it on the visible vein in the forearm first.
Step 4. Tie the bandage directly over the area to be pierced
Tie the bandage in such a way that the bandage can be removed easily. When the bandage is attached, the vein will protrude, making it easier to see and puncture.
Step 5. Clean the area where the cannula will be inserted
Use an alcohol swab to clean the area to be punctured (the area where the IV needle will be inserted). Use circular motions when cleaning the area so that as many microorganisms as possible are removed. Let the area dry.
Step 6. Insert the cannula
Hold the cannula at a 30-45 degree angle to the patient's arm and vein. Hold the cannula as you would a syringe so it doesn't deviate as it is inserted into the vein. When you feel the needle has entered the vein (felt/sounds like a "popping") sound and dark blood appears in the cannula, reduce the angle of the puncture so that it is parallel to the patient's skin.
- Push the cannula into the vein another 2mm. Then adjust the direction of the needle and push the cannula again slightly into the vein.
- Remove the needle while pushing the cannula fully into the vein while keeping everything in place.
- Dispose of needles in a special sharps disposal container.
- Finally, remove the bandage and clean the area where the cannula was punctured with a hypoallergenic bandage or alcohol swab.
Step 7. Connect the infusion tube to the cannula connector
You will need to slowly insert the end/tube connecting the tube into the cannula until it is connected. Make sure the connecting tube and cannula are properly connected. Open the infusion tube clamp slowly so that the IV fluid flows into the cannula and the patient's body. You should also attach a bandage to the tube and the base of the cannula on the patient's arm to prevent it from falling off or shifting.
- Start with normal saline (physiological saline solution) to test the correctness of your infusion. If you notice swelling in the surrounding tissue, or there is a problem with fluid administration, this is the time to correct it by re-infusion (i.e. restarting the process if your insertion doesn't work).
- Assuming that normal saline is flowing well through your newly inserted IV, you can proceed with giving IV fluids as instructed by your doctor.
Step 8. Set the number of drops per minute
Adjust the number of drops according to the doctor's instructions. Infusion hoses are usually equipped with drip control clamps and you need to calculate the number of drops of IV fluid to be given per minute. Some infusion set products are equipped with a roller knob that can be adjusted and adjusted in minutes, so you don't have to count manually.
Step 9. Monitor the patient for signs and reactions to resistance to therapy
Check the patient's heart rate, respiration, blood pressure and body temperature. Report any unwanted signs and symptoms. These symptoms include an increase in pulse rate, respiratory rate, body temperature and blood pressure.
