Alternating current (AC) is an efficient way to conduct electricity. However, most electrical appliances require direct current (DC) to function. Therefore, the AC to DC converter is already part of the equipment itself or part of the power cord. If you're building an appliance that you want to power by plugging it into an AC outlet, you'll need to add an AC to DC converter.
Step
Step 1. Determine what the AC input voltage is
In North America and parts of Central and South America, the AC voltage in most outlets is 110 to 120 volts with a frequency of 60 hertz. In Europe, Asia, Australia, and most of the Middle East and Africa, the voltage is 230 to 240 volts with a frequency of 50 hertz. The standard voltage in other areas may be different.
Step 2. Find the voltage and amperage values needed to power the components of your electrical equipment
If necessary, check the manufacturer's manual. Amperage and voltage values that are too large will damage the components, while values that are too small will make the equipment not function properly. Most components have a safe value range; choose a middle value so that your power input can vary slightly.
Step 3. Use a transformer to step down the output from high voltage AC to low voltage AC
An electric current enters the main coil of the transformer and induces a current in the second coil, which has fewer turns, resulting in a lower voltage. A little power will be lost in this process as the amperage value increases as the voltage decreases.
Step 4. Connect low-voltage AC through a rectifier
A current rectifier usually consists of 4 diodes arranged in a diamond shape – called a bridge current rectifier. A diode only allows current to flow in one direction; The diamond configuration allows 2 diodes to carry half the positive current and the other 2 diodes to carry half the negative current. The output of both circuits is a current that rises from 0 volts to the maximum positive voltage.
Step 5. Add a large electrolytic capacitor to smooth the voltage
Capacitors store electric charge for a while then drain it slowly. The input of a current rectifier resembles a series of waves; the output of the "rectifier capacitor" is a rather stable voltage with ripples.
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For equipment that requires only low current, you can build a regulator with a resistor and a zener diode, which is designed to break down when it reaches a certain voltage, allowing current to flow through it. Resistor serves to limit the current.
Convert AC to DC Step 5 Bullet1
Step 6. Connect the output of the rectifier through the regulator
This will soften the ripples and create a very stable current that will power the electrical equipment without damaging it. Regulators are integrated circuits and have a fixed or variable output voltage.
Even if the regulator includes overcurrent and overheat protection, you may need to add a cooler to keep it from overheating
Tips
- Alternating current carries both positive and negative voltages up and down as in a smooth sine wave. These waves can transmit energy faster and farther without losing energy.
- If you don't want to make your own AC to DC converter, you can buy one.
