Ibid is an acronym for the Latin word ibidem which means "in the same place". Practically speaking, citations in references, endnotes, or footnotes come from the same source as the citation used exactly before. Using this simple terminology, it will be easier for readers to understand what sources are cited repeatedly in your academic articles or essays. It's actually relatively easy to use, but there are a few things to keep in mind when citing the same or different pages of the same work.
Step
Method 1 of 2: Using Ibid for Sequential Repeated Citations
Step 1. Write “Ibid
” if the exact same sources are cited sequentially.
Each time the same source is cited repeatedly in one or two citations, you can replace the second citation with “Ibid.”
For example, “Koentjaraningrat, Introduction to Anthropology (Yogyakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1991), 8.” and the citation right after is identical. You can replace the second citation of Koentjaraningrat's book with the word "Ibid."
Step 2. Add the page number after “Ibid
” if only the page numbers change.
Note that when only the page number changes between successively repeated identical citations, replace the second citation and so on using “Ibid., [page number].”
For example, “Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Earth of Mankind (Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 1980), 9.” If subsequent citations quote page 10 of the same book, you can change the second citation to “Ibid., 10.”
Step 3. Follow with some “Ibid
” if the same source keeps repeating itself.
Write "Ibid." if the citation source follows the citation “Ibid.” or “Ibid., [page number].” using the same page of the same work.
- For example, “Koentjaraningrat, Introduction to Anthropology (Yogyakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1991), 8.” There are three citations using page 8 of the work. All citations after the first can be changed to “Ibid.”
- Same as before, if after “Ibid, 10.” citation of Pramoedya's book, there is another citation that uses page 10, you can replace it with "Ibid."
Step 4. Use Ibid only when citing a single work
For example, if footnotes 21 and 22 both quote Pramoedya and Sugiyono's books, you should not write "Ibid." to quote both in a later footnote. "Ibid." (with or without page numbers) can only be used to cite one work.
However, if footnote 21 quotes Koentjaraningrat and Pramoedya (in this exact order) and footnote 22 quotes Pramoedya and Koentjaraningrat (in this exact order), you can start number 22 with "Ibid.;" because Pramoedya's books are cited sequentially
Method 2 of 2: Adding Ibid to the Bibliography
Step 1. Read the citation style guide you used to create the bibliography
Use the teacher-provided citation style to format your essay bibliography. This bibliography is usually a separate page at the back of the essay. This list contains all the sources of information you have cited or other relevant material you have used in your work.
- Depending on the style guide you use, the main citation for a book in the bibliography might look something like this: “Koentjaraningrat, Introduction to Anthropology (Yogyakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1991), 8.”
- Examples of commonly used citation styles include Chicago, Turabian, and AMA.
- For now, equalize the treatment for each citation. Concentrate on making the right citations to each work you cite.
Step 2. Identify the main citation
Read the list and note what sources of information are being used all the time. Use color markers to mark when a citation first appears in your list.
If the resource only appears in your list once, there's no need to think about using ibid because no citations are repeated in succession
Step 3. Use “Ibid
” or “Ibid., [page number].” for the main citations that are repeated in succession.
View the citation right after your main citation. If the same, or the same work, but on different pages, use the correct version of ibid for the citation.
- So, if you quote "Koentjaraningrat, Introduction to Anthropology (Yogyakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1991), 8." and the citation right after is the same, you can change the citation of both Koentjaraningrat books to “Ibid.”
- If the citation of Koentjaraningrat's book right after it quotes page 9 instead of 8, change the second citation to "Ibid., 9."
Step 4. Create secondary citations when sources of information are cited repeatedly, but not in exact order
Notice when a single source of information is cited repeatedly, but not in exact order. In this case, make secondary citations to the second and following citations. Depending on the citation style you choose, you may have to write citations using components, such as the author's name, commas, page numbers, and periods.
- For example, a different citation appears between the first and second citations of the book Koentjaraningrat page 8. The second citation would be written as, “Koentjaraningrat, 8.”
- If the second citation of Koentjaraningrat's book cites page 9 instead of 8, the citation should be, "Koentjaraningrat, 9."
- Use the same process to create secondary citations even if there are one or more citations that differ between two identical citations.
Step 5. Use “Ibid
” when secondary citations are repeated consecutively.
Read the citation list to see if the secondary citations repeat sequentially. Change repeated secondary citations to “Ibid.” to be clear. So, for example, your list might look something like this:
- [Main citation of Pramoedya's book]
- Ibid. [for the main citation of Pramoedya's book]
- [Main citation of Koentjaraningrat's book]
- [Secondary citation of Pramoedya's book]
- Ibid. [for secondary citation of Pramoedya's book]
- Ibid., 23. [for secondary citation of Pramoedya's book with different pages]
Warning
- Do not use ibid at all if the main citation cites several sources at once.
- Ibid can be used to cite websites and online articles.
